# hardware / speeds and signal integrity

Data rates handled and the SI/PI practice behind them.

- Lanes to PCIe Gen5 / Thunderbolt 4 class rates; 10 Gbps serial; DDR5 and LPDDR5X; DDR3
- Controlled-impedance stackups (rigid and flex), length and skew matching, differential-pair routing
- Field-solved impedance, crosstalk and return-path review; IR-drop PI review
- EMI/SI diagnosis and mitigation on deployed PCIe and Thunderbolt hardware
- Flex stackup studies against a 50 ohm target across fab stack codes

Up: https://matthewguo.me/p/hardware

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